Korea, Chosen, and Tyosen reports
The scripting of protection and nationalization
By William Wetherall
First posted 25 June 2007
Last updated 10 July 2009
Korea Chosen Tyosen reports
1907
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1908-09
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1909-10
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1913-14
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1914-15
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1924-26
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1927-28
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1930-32
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1932-33
Features
Chientao agreement
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Abolition of foreign settlements
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Fingerprinting
Korea, Chosen, and Tyosen reports
Forthcoming.
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Korea reports Series 1 1907-1910 |
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Annual Report on Reforms and Progress in Korea |
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1907 (1908) |
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Chosen (Korea) reports Series 2 1910-1922 |
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Annual Report on Reforms and Progress in Chosen (Korea) |
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1910-11 |
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Chosen reports Series 3 1922-1936 |
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Annual Report on Administration of Chosen |
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1922-23 (1924) |
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Tyosen [Keizyo] reports Series 4 1936-1940 |
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Annual report on administration of Tyosen |
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1936-37 |
Sainosuke Kiriyama (editor)
Chosen of To-day: Illustrated
Compiled in Commemoration of the Vicennial of the Government-General of Chosen, October, 1929
Keijo: Ch[i]kasawa Printing House
60 pages, plates and maps
Race and Language
Opinions vary as to the exact origin of the Korean race. It is evident, however, that it is of Mongol extraction and that it is closely allied to the Japanese race. Scientific investigation have clearly demonstrated that the prehistoric inhabitants of the peninsula, the forefathers of the Koreans of to day, were of the same race as those then dwelling in the western half of Japan, in Manchuria, and in the Siberian littoral.
The Koreans speak a polysyllabic and agglutinative language of the Turanian group. It has an alphabet composed of 11 vowels and 11 consonants, and a native script called En-mun. It is more akin to the Japanese language than to any other tongue. In writing the Koreans use the Chinese characters with an admixture of their own En-mun.
Foreign Affairs Section (editor)
Thriving Chosen
A Survey of Twenty-Five Years' Administration
Compiled by Government-General of Chosen
October 1935
Printed by Taisho Shashin Kogeisho, 1935
94 pages, interleaved with about 100 plates of photographs and maps
Titled printed slip reads "With the Compliments of The Government-General of Chosen". Inked remark reads "Dec 10/35 / Presented to us by / Yesuma Oda on our / arrival at / Keijo, Korea".
1907 Korea report
Forthcoming.
Annual Report for 1907 on Reforms and Progress in Korea
Compiled by H.I.J.M.'s Residency General
Seoul, December, 1908
viii, 140 pages, maps
No ethnographic data
Protectorate
On 17 November 1905, Japan and Korea signed an agreement which transfered to Japan the responsibility of looking after Korea's diplomatic affairs. Article 1 made this provision (pages 107-108).
Article 1. The government of Japan, through the Department of Foreign Affairs at Tokyo, will hereafter have control and direction of the external relations and affairs of Korea, and the diplomatic and consular representatives of Japan will have charge of the subjects and interests of Korea in foreign countries.
A Resident General would represent Japan at the court of the Emperor of Korea and oversee diplomatic affairs in Korea (Article 3).
Koreans sometimes refer to the agreement as the Ŭlsa (乙巳 을사) treaty, since it was signed in this year of the 60-year-cycle sexagenary calendar.
The 1965 normalization treaty between ROK and Japan declared that the 1910 annexation treaty between the Empire of Korea and the Empire of Japan, and all previous treaties and agreements between the two countries, were null and void -- meaning as of 28 April 1952, the date Japan legally abandoned "Chosen" as part of its sovereign territory.
2005 marked the centennial of the Ulsa (Eulsa) treaty, which is widely regarded in Korea to be the true beginning of annexation. On 24 June 2005, concluding a four-day conference held in Seoul, ROK and DPRK issued a 12-point joint statement to enchance their ties. The 5th point, concerning Japan, began with a confirmation that the 1905 five-point protectorate treaty was illegal and invalid, on the grounds that it was coerced. By this they meant that, under international law, the treaty should be regarded as null-and-void from the moment it was signed.
1908-1909 Korea report
The Second Annual Report on Reforms and Progress in Korea (1908-9)
Compiled by H.I.J.M.'s Residency General
Seoul, December 1909
xiii, 215 pages, plates and maps, softcover
Elibron Classics facsimile, 2006
Map of Post Office and Postal Route in Korea (31st March, 1909), and map of Telegraph Office and Telegraph Route in Korea (31st March, 1909), both show Chientao.
Chientao agreement
The dispute between the governments of China and Japan, over the treatment of Koreans in China, came to boil in 1909, four years after Korea had become a protectorate of Japan. A two states signed a treaty that year, but conflicts over interpretations of the nationality status Koreans in China came to a boil in 1910 when Japan annexed Korea as Chosen, and began to regard Koreans as Chosenese subjects of Japan, hence Japanese.
In 1932, the year Japan facilitated the founding of Manchoukuo in Manchuria over China's objection that Manchuria was part of China, the Republic of China publicized the issue in the follwoing English pamphlet.
Memorandum on The Status of Koreans in the Three Eastern Provinces
Document No. 5
Peiping, June 1932
28 pages
The "Three Eastern Provinces" (東三省) were Liaoning province (遼寧省), Kirin province (吉林省), and Heilungkiang province (黒竜江省). Until 1929, Liaoning province had been known as Fengtien province (奉天省). These provinces formed Manchuria (満州) in its narrower sense, though broadly speaking Manchuria also embraced parts of Inner Mongolia and Siberia.
The "Introductory remarks" read as follows (page 4, [bracketed] remarks mine).
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The first exodus of Koreans into the Three Eastern Provinces dates back to 1869 when a severe famine forced the starving people to defy the restrictions of their Government against migration and to seek succour across the Yalu river in Chinese territory. The annextion of Korea by Japan [in 1910] brought about another exodus consisting mainly of those who were either political refugees or who resented the control of their country by Japan. Since then the number of Koreans in this North-eastern territory steadily increased until to-day it has reached the figure of 800,000 approximately. Of this number, about one-half is reported to reside in the so-called Chientao region, situated on the eastern border of the Kirin Province. |
To be continued.
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1909 China-Japan agreement concerning Koreans in Chientao With commentary on terminology |
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Chinese textAt present I have only secondary versions of parts of the Chinese text. Japanese textThe articles of the Japanese text of treaty are adapted from a version posted on a Korean website, which represented them as the content of a dispatch sent from Tokyo at 00:50 on 5 September 1909 by Minister of Foreign Affairs Komura Jutarō (小村 壽太郎 1855-1911) and received in Keijō (Seoul) at 07:15 later the same morning by Resident General of Korea Sone Arasuke (曾禰荒助 1849-1910). Korean translationThe Korean version, from the same website, represents a literal translation of the Japanese text. A totally hangul version was also shown. The translation is also found on ROK's Korea Knowledge Portal, from which I have taken the Korean title of the agreement. English translationThe English version is a contemporary translation represented as "The Korean Boundary Agreement" in the following source.
CommentaryHighlighted terms and boxed comments are mine. |
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清宣統元年9月4日 圖們江中韓界務條款 隆熙3年9月4日 (土) 間島에關한日淸協約 間島協約 Chientao (PY Jiandao, K Kando, J Kantō) agreement 4 September 1909 |
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大日本國政府 及 大淸國政府는 善隣의 交誼에 鑑하여 圖們江이 淸韓 兩國의 國境된 事를 互相確認하고 竝 妥協의 精神으로서 一切의 辦法을 商定함으로써 淸韓 兩國의 邊民으로 하여금 永遠히 治安의 慶福을 享受케 하고저 하여 左의 條款을 訂立함. |
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The Imperial Government of Japan and the Imperial Government of China, desiring to secure for Chinese and Korean inhabitants in the frontier region blessings of permanent peace and tranquility, and considering it essential to the attainment of such desire that the two Governments should in view of their relations of cordial friendship and good neighbourhood, recognize the River Tumen as forming the boundary between China and Korea, and should adjust all matters relating thereto in a spirit of mutual accommodation, have agreed upon the following stipulations: |
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第一條 中日兩國政府彼此聲明、以圖們江為中韓兩國國界、其江源地方自定界碑至石乙水為界。 |
第一條 日淸兩國政府ハ圖們江ヲ淸韓兩國ノ國境トシ江原地方ニ於テハ定界碑ヲ起點トシ石乙水ヲ以テ兩國ノ境界トナスコトヲ聲明ス |
第1條 日淸 兩國政府는 圖們江을 淸韓 兩國의 國境으로 하고 江源 地方에 在하여는 定界碑를 起點으로 하여 石乙水로써 兩國의 境界로 함을 聲明함. |
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Article I The Governments of Japan and China declare that the River Tumen is recognized as forming the boundary between China and Korea, and that in the region of the source of that River, the boundary line shall start from the Boundary Monument and thence follow the course of the Stream Shi-yi-shwei. |
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第二條 淸國政府ハ本協約調印後可成速ニ左記ノ各地ヲ外國人ノ居住及貿易ノ爲メ開放スヘク日本國政府ハ是等ノ地ニ領事館若クハ領事館分館ヲ酌設スヘシ開放ノ期日ハ別ニ之ヲ定ム |
第2條 淸國政府는 本協約 調印 後 아무쪼록 速히 左記의 各地를 外國人의 居住及 貿易하기 爲하여 開放함이 可함. 日本政府는 此等의 地에 領事館 或은 領事館分館을 酌設함이 可하되 開放의 期日은 別로히 此를 定함. 龍井村·局子街·頭道溝·百草溝 |
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Article II The Government of China shall, as soon as possible after the signing of the present Agreement, open the following places to the residence and trade of foreigners, and the Government of Japan may there establish Consulates or Branch Offices of Consulates. The date of opening of such places shall be separately determined: Lung-ching-tsum, Chutsz-chie, Tou-tao-kou, Pai-tsao-lou.
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第三條 淸國政府ハ從來ノ通リ圖們江北ノ墾地ニ於テ韓民ノ居住ヲ承准ス其地域ノ境界ハ別圖ヲ以テ之ヲ示ス |
第3條 淸國政府는 從來와 같이 圖們江 北의 墾地에 在하여 韓民의 居住를 承認함. 其地域의 境界는 別圖로 此를 示함. |
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Article III The Government of China recognizes the residence of Korean subjects, as heretofore, on agricultural lands lying north of the River Tumen. The limits of the district for such residence are shown in the annexed map. |
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第四條 圖們江北地方雜居區域內墾地居住ノ韓民ハ淸國ノ法權ニ服從シ淸國地方官ノ所轄裁判ニ歸ス淸官憲ハ右韓民ヲ淸國民ト同樣ニ待遇スヘク納稅其他一切行政上ノ處分モ淸國民ト同樣タルヘク右韓民ニ關係スル民事刑事一切ノ訴訟事件ハ淸國官憲ニ於テ淸國ノ法律ヲ按照シ公平ニ裁判スヘク日本領事官又ハ其委任ヲ受ケタル官吏ハ自由ニ法廷ニ立會フコトヲ得但人命ニ關スル重案ニ付テハ須ラク先ツ日本國領事官ニ知照スヘキモノトス日本國領事官ニ於テ若シ法律ヲ按照セスシテ判斷セル廉アルコトヲ認メタルトキハ公正ノ裁判ヲ期センカ爲別ニ官吏ヲ派シテ覆審スヘキコトヲ淸國ニ請求スルヲ得 |
第4條 第4條 圖們江 北地方 雜居地 區域內 墾地居住의 韓民은 淸國의 法權에 服從하고 淸國地方官의 管轄裁判에 歸함. 淸國官憲은 右韓民을 淸國人과 同樣으로 待遇함이 可하며 納稅 其他 一切 行政上의 處分도 淸國民과 同樣됨이 可함. 右 韓民에 關係되는 民事 刑事 一切의 訴訟事件은 淸國官憲이 淸國法律을 按照하여 公平히 裁判함이 可함. 日本國領事館 又는 其委任을 受한 管吏는 自由로 法廷에 入會함을 得하며 但 人命에 관한 重案에 對하여는 須先 日本國領事館에 知照할 者로 함. 日本國領事館이 若 法律을 按치 아니하고 判斷하는 事가 有함을 認하는 時는 公正의 裁判을 期케 하기를 爲하여 別로히 官吏를 派하여 覆審할 事를 淸國에 請求함을 得함. |
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Article IV Korean subjects residing on agricultural lands within the mixed residence district to the north of the River Tumen shall submit to the laws of China and shall be amenable to the jurisdiction of the Chinese local officials. Such Korean subjects shall be accorded by the Chinese authorities equal treatment with Chinese subjects, and similarly, in the matter of taxation and all other administrative measures, they shall be placed on an equal footing with Chinese subjects. All cases, whether civil or criminal, relating to such Korean subjects shall be heard and decided by the Chinese authorities in accordance with the laws of China, and in a just and equitable manner. A Japanese Consular officer or an official duly authorized by him shall be allowed freely to attend the Court, and in the hearing of important cases concerning the lives of persons, a previous notice is to be given to the Japanese Consular Officers. Whenever the Japanese Consular Officers find that a decision has been given in disregard of law, they shall have the right to apply to the Chinese authorities for a new trial, to be conducted by officials specially selected, in order to assure the justice of the decision.
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第五條 圖們江北雜居區域內ニ於ケル韓民所有ノ土地家屋ハ淸國政府ヨリ淸國人民ノ財産同樣ニ完全ニ保護スヘシ又該江沿岸ニハ場所ヲ選ヒ渡船ヲ設ケ雙方人民ノ往來ハ自由タルヘシ但兵器ヲ携帶スルモノハ公文又ハ護照ナクシテ境ヲ越ユルヲ得ス雜居區域內産出ノ米穀ハ韓民ノ搬出ヲ許ス尤モ凶年ニ際シテハ尙禁止スルコトヲ得ヘク芝草ハ舊ニ依リ照辨スヘシ |
第5條 圖們江 北 雜居區域 內에 在한 韓民所有의 土地 家屋은 淸國政府로부터 淸國人民의 財産과 同樣으로 完全히 保護함이 可하고 又 該江沿岸에는 場所를 擇하여 渡船을 設하여 兩方人民의 往來는 自由됨이 可함. 但 兵器 携帶한 者는 公文 又는 護照가 無히 越境함을 不得하고 雜居區域 內 産出의 米穀은 韓民의 販運을 許하되 最히 凶年에 際하여는 仍히 禁止함을 得함이 可하며 柴草는 依舊 照辦함이 可함. |
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Article V. The Government of China engages that land and buildings owned by Korean subjects in the mixed residence district to the north of the River Tumen shall be fully protected, equally with the properties of Chinese subjects. Ferries shall be established on the River Tumen at places properly chosen [sic], and people on either side of the River shall be entirely at liberty to cross to the other side, it being, however, understood that persons carrying arms shall not be permitted to cross the frontier without previous official notice or passports. In respect of cereals produced in the mixed residence district, Korean subjects shall be permitted to export them out of the said district, except in time of scarcity, in which case such exploitation may be prohibited. Collection of firewood and grass shall be dealt with in accordance with the practice hitherto followed. |
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第六條 淸國政府ハ將來吉長鐵道ノ延吉南境ニ延長シ韓國會寧ニ於テ韓國鐵道ト連絡スヘク其ノ一切ノ辨法ハ吉長鐵道ト一律タルヘシ開辨ノ時期ハ淸國政府ニ於テ情形ヲ酌量シ日本政府ト商議ノ上之ヲ定ム |
第6條 淸國政府는 將來 吉長鐵道를 延吉 南境에 延長하여 韓國 會寧에서 韓國鐵道와 連結함이 可함. 其一切의 辦法은 吉長鐵道와 一律됨이 可하며 開辦의 時期는 淸國政府에서 情形을 酌量하여 日本國政府와 商議한 後 此를 定함. |
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Article VI The Government of China shall undertake to extend the Kirin=Changchun [sic] Railway to the southern boundary of Yenchin, and to connect it at Hoiryong with a Korean railway, and such extension shall be effected upon the same terms as the Kirin-Changchun Railway. The date of commencing the work of the proposed extension shall be determined by the Government of China having regard to the actual requirement of the situation, and upon consultation with the Government of Japan. |
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第七條 本協約ハ調印後直ニ効力ヲ生スヘク統監府派出所幷ニ文武ノ各員ハ可成速ニ撤退ヲ開始シ二個月ヲ以テ完了スヘシ日本國政府ハ二箇月以內ニ第二條所載ノ通リ商地ニ領事館ヲ開設スヘシ |
第7條 本協約은 調印 後 直히 效力을 生함이 可함. 統監府派出所 竝 文武各員은 아무쪼록 速히 撤退를 開始하여 2個月로써 完了함이 可하며 日本國政府는 2個月 以內에 第2條 所開의 通商地에 領事館을 開設함이 可함. 右證據로 하여 下名은 各其 本國政府로부터 相當한 委任을 受하고 日本文及 漢文으로써 作成한 各 2度의 本 協約에 記名 調印함이라. |
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Article VII In witness whereof, the undersigned, duly authorized by their respective Governments, have signed and sealed the present Agreement in duplicate, in the Japanese and Chinese languages. |
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[ Unverified reconstructed dates and titles ] 明治42年９月４日 大日本国特命全権公使 伊集院彦吉 (署名) 宣統元年7月20日 大淸國欽命外務部尙書會辯大臣 梁敦彦 (署名) Meiji 42-9-4 Minister Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary for Great Japan Ijuin Hikokichi (signed) Hsuantung 1-7-20 Minister of Foreign Affairs Liang Tun-yen (signed) [ Both the Meiji (solar) and Hsuantung [Xuāntŏng] (lunar) dates correspond to 4 September 1909. ] |
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Ijuin Hikokichi
Ijūin Hikokichi (1864-1924) signed the 1909 agreement as the Japanese ambassador to the Ching Empire resident in Beijing. Ijūin came up the ranks in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in posts in China, Korea, and the United Kingdom before becoming the ambassador China in 1908. He was one leading member’s of Japan’s delegation at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 while serving as the ambassador to Rome. He was the Governor-General of the Kwantung Leased Territory for a year (1922-1923), then for four months, until shortly before his death, he served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs (1923-1924).
It was at the Paris conference that Japan, on 13 February 1919, presented its first proposal to amend the Covenant of the League of Nations to oblige contracting parties "to accord as soon as possible to all alien nationals of states, members of the League, equal and just treatment in every respect making no distinction, either in law or in fact, on account of their race or nationality."
This first proposal was rejected for a number of reasons. From 22 March 1919, Japan began lobbying for an ammendent to the Covenant which would have added the clause "by the endorsement of the principle of equality of all nationals of States members of the League" to the preamble of the covenant. This proposal passed but Woodrow Wilson, who chaired the conference, used his discretionary powers to reject the vote on grounds that the issue remained divisive at a time when unanimity was in order.
See reviews of Naoko Shimazu's Japan, Race and Equality: The Racial Equality Proposal of 1919 for details.
Liang Tun-yen
Liang Tun-yen (Liáng Dūnyàn , 1857/8-1924) signed the 1909 agreement as the foreign minister of the Ching Empire. He received his middle and high school educations at Hardford and his college education at Yale. He pitched (southpaw) on both Hardford and Yale teams.
Liang went on to hold numerous and various posts in the Ching government and two in post-Ching governments. His last were as the Minister of Communications (1914) in the administration of Yuan Shih-k'ai (Yuan Shikai, 1859-1916), and as the Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1917, during the brief "restoration" of Emperor Pu-i (Puyi, 1906-1967) -- better known as the "Last Emperor" of the Ching Dynasty, who later became the Emperor of Manchoukuo -- and later still, an object of attack during the Cultural Revolution.
1909-1910 Korea report
Forthcoming.
The Third Annual Report on Reforms and Progress in Korea (1909-10)
Compiled by Government-General of Chosen
Seoul, December 1910
xiii, 194 pages, plates and maps
Elibron Classics facsimile, 2005, softcover
1913-1914 Chosen (Korea) report
Government-General of Chosen (compiler)
Annual Report on Reforms and Progress in Chosen (Korea) (1913-14)
Keijo: Government-General of Chosen, July 1915
ix, 167 pages, plates and maps
Elibron Classics facsimile, 2006, softcover
General map of "Choseon" and vicinity, and map of roads, neither showing Chientao.
Abolition of foreign settlements in Chosen
In 1913, Japanese municipalities and foreign settlements alike were abolished and integrated into local polities. The 1913-1914 annual report gives a detailed report beginning with these lines (pages 20-21).
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15. Abolition of Japanese Municipalities and Foreign Settlements In the sequel of the annexation of Korea to Japan, the Treaties concluded by Korea with Foreign Powers being relinquished, the consular jurisdiction exercised by them naturally became extinct. Consequently Japanese Municipalities and Foreign Settlements should have been amalgamated with the local administration of the Government-General simultaneously with the annexation. But, as stated in the Report for 1910, owing to existing circumstances these municipal administrations could not at once be merged into the local administration proper, so the municipal administration maintained respectively in the Japanese Municipalities, General Foreign Settlements, and the Chinese Exclusive Settlements was left as it stood, for the time being, except with regard to police administration. |
The foreign settlements were abolished by April 1913 when a protocol to that effect was signed by Japan and the Euro-American states that had legations in Chosen. Chinese settlements in Chosen were abolished by November 1913. Japanese municipalities were abolished from 1 April 1914 to coincide with the enforcement of new regulation concerning urban prefectures (page 21).
In April 1913, the Director of the Bureau of Foreign Affairs of the Government-General of Chosen got the consuls of Germany, the United States, Russia, the British Empire, and France to sign a protocol which integrated all foreign settlements into the local communities and transferred all their common funds and properties to the local authorities concerned.
The appendix of the 1913-1914 annual report includes the full text of the following protocol (pages 147-148).
PROTOCOL.
[ Ten articles. ] Done at Keijō, Chosen, the 21st day of April, 1913. (Signed) [ Director of the Bureau of Foreign Affairs of the Government-General of Chosen ] [ Consul-Generals for Germany, Belgium, United States of America, Russia, Britain, France, and Italy (represented by British Consul-General) ]. |
Fingerprinting
This overview of fingerprinting appeared in Section III, Justice, in the 1913-1914 report (page 32).
| 28. Finger-Prints of Convicts
In order to facilitate recognition of prisoners, should they again resort to crime after their release, prints of their fingers are kept. This finger-print method has been employed in the Peninsula since August, 1910. On April 1, 1912, the Regulations dealing with Finger-Prints were issued by the Governor-General's Instruction to Prison Governors No. 47, by which two sets of finger-prints of those undergoing penal servitude, imprisonment, or flogging should be taken; one to be kept in the prison and the other in the Judicial Department of the Government-General During the year 1913, copies of finger-prints of criminals submitted to the Judicial Department numbered 11,647, out of which 404 were those of offenders guilty of a repetition of their evil-doing. |
1914-1915 Chosen (Korea) report
Forthcoming.
Annual Report on Reforms and Progress in Chosen (Korea) (1914-15)
Compiled by Government-General of Chosen
Keijo, July 1916
x, 183 pages, plates and maps
Elibron Classics facsimile, 2006, softcover
Three maps. Map of schools shows schools in area that would correspond to Chientao.
1924-1926 Chosen report
Annual Report on Administration of Chosen 1924-26
Compiled by Government-General of Chosen
Keijo, December 1927
iv, 195 pages, plates and maps
Editor: Sainosuké Kiriyama
Printers: Chosen Book-Printing Co., Keijo
[Name of printers also shown in characters]
1927-1928 Chosen report
Annual Report on Administration of Chosen 1927-28
Compiled by Government-General of Chosen
Keijo, December 1929
158 pages, plates and maps
Editor: Sainosuké Kiriyama
Printers: Chikasawa Printing House, Keijo, Chosen
First plate, with tracing paper leaf, shows Viscount Saito, Governor-General and Count Kodama, Administrative Superintendent.
1930-1932 Chosen report
Annual Report on Adminstration of Chosen 1930-32
Compiled by Government-General of Chosen
Keijo, December 1932
189 pages, plates and maps
Editor: Foreign Affairs Section
Printers: Signs of the Times Publishing House, Keijo, Chosen
First plate, with tracing paper leaf, shows H.H. Prince Yi and H.H. Princess Yi.
1932-1933 Chosen report
Annual Report on Adminstration of Chosen 1932-33
Compiled by Government-General of Chosen
Keijo, December 1933
200 pages, plates and maps
Editor: Foreign Affairs Section
Printers: Toppan Printing Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
First plate, with tracing paper leaf, shows Aeroplane View of Chosen Jingu, Keijo.