Old wine in new bottle
Japan repatriates education law
By William Wetherall
First posted 1 March 2007
Last updated 5 April 2017
Nakasone's dreams come partly true
1890 Imperial Rescript on Education
1947 Fundamental Law of Education
2006 Fundamental Law of Education
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Moritomo Gakuen incidents: Romantic ethnonationalism run amok
Nakasone's dreams come partly true
The Fundamental Law of Education has been controversial since its conception and birth immediately following World War II. Under the terms of surrender in 1945, Japan transferred its sovereignty to the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP), General MacArthur's office, and its sovereignty was not restored until the San Francisco Peace Treaty came into effect in 1952, and it was during this period that the 1947 law was promulgated.
In 1997, on the 50th anniversary of the 1947 law, former prime minister Nakasone Yasuhiro (incumbency 1982-1987) called for its reform in an essay I have dubbed Japan as a "natural state". See also his 1997 discussion with Miyazawa Kiichi on Japan as a "practically monoethnic nation".
In this essay, Nakasone called both the 1947 education law, and the 1947 Constitution, "without nationality" (mukokuseki-teki-na) or "stateless" because they were promulgated under SCAP's direction. He began his critique of the education law with the observation that while it had the words "humanity, peace, freedom, and democracy" (jinrui, heiwa, jiyu, minshushugi), it did not have the words "state, ethnic nation, culture, history, and home" (kokka, minzoku, bunka, rekishi, katei).
Nakasone's linguistic appraisal was not entirely correct. The 1947 law did, in fact, refer to "state", "culture", and "home". It did not speak of "ethnic nation" or "history" -- but neither does the 2006 law. The new law does, however, mention "traditions" and more specifically addresses "culture" and "home".
Nakasone and Miyazawa were educated when the Imperial Rescript on Education was the moral law of the land. Both the 1947 and 2006 education laws are best understood after reflecting on the content and purpose of the rescript.
1890 Imperial Rescript on Education
The Meiji Restoration was an exercise in nation building. Creating a state overseen by a representative government with the tenno as sovereign, and guided by a constitution and body of laws, was the easy part. The more difficult part was nationalization of the people in claimed territories.
Nationalization and education
The more difficult and essential part of the effort to turn Meiji Japan into a nation was to nationalize people throughout the prefectures and other territories of the country. On a practical level, this meant training the next generations to speak and understand the same language, behave according to the same social norms, and acquire and utilize the same knowledge and technology. On a spirital level, nationalization meant inculcating pride in the same history and traditions, and belief in the tenno as the moral center of an ethnic nation for which nationals should want to live and be willing to die.
One of the most important instruments for achieving spiritual nationalization was the "Kyoiku Chokugo" (łçşę) or "Imperial Rescript on Education". The rescript was issued on 30 October 1890, one month before the Meiji Constitution (promulgated 11 February 1889) came into effect (29 November 1890). The rescript was not formally nullified until 19 June 1948 -- over one year after the 1947 Fundamental Law of Education came into effect.
When the Imperial Rescript on Education was issued in 1890, the Minister of Education instructed teachers to expound on its principles before their students. Generations of students, including Nakasone and Miyazawa, had to memorize its 315 kanji and katakata graphs -- which, in the manner of all imperial edicts, were written without punctuation or voicing.
The purpose of the education rescript was twofold -- provide the nation with a uniform standard of moral education, and establish the emperor as the nation's moral authority.
| 1890 Imperial Rescript on Education | |
Japanese text and English translationThe Japanese text and the English translation were first cut and pasted from two of numerous postings on the Internet. Both were then edited and formated to reflect the versions confirmed against a facscimile scan of the following publication. śČ Monbusho <The Department of Education> The scans, 16 in all, each showing two panels, presenting about 19 unnumbered pages and covers, can be viewed at, and downloaded from, the National Diet Library Digital Archive Portal [Kokuritsu Kokkai Toshokan Jijitaru Aakaibu Pootaru (NDL DAP)] (retrieved March 2007). The English translation is the official translation, first published by the Department of Education in 1907. A three-page Appendix in English, titled "A Note on the English Translation" and dated 1907, concludes with the following paragraph. Although several English versions of the Rescript exist, they have been found deficient for conveying the exact sense of the original, of which a complete literal version into any other language is indeed a matter of great difficulty. Towards the end of last year, the Educational [sic] Department seeing the possibility of improving the translation convoked a number of scholars to discuss the matter. The accompanying version is the result. The scholars thus assembled considered their work by no means perfect, as the difficulty of rendering into a foreign language all the shades of meaning found in the text is almost insurmountable; yet we feel confident that it is a great improvement on all previous versions. We now distribute copies for the benefit of those foreigners who may wish to know the principle of our moral education. The Department of Education, Japan. 40th year of Meiji (1907). |
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| łçşę | Imperial Rescript on Education |
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˝ŇtjäJccc@ ŁRgGjúş÷cRg[úiäJbŻNjNFjSęjVe˘˘ÎmüŕZZnäJ ém¸ŘjVełçmŁšjjśX˘bŻęjFjZíjFjvwaVüFMVąLČV¤OjyzV{CĆKqČeq\[á˘VúşíŹAVieövA˘ąJLíj dV @j
qęUÉ}An`EöjňVČeVßłmc^}XwVĽm@LnŕŐ˝JÇmbŻ^m~iXČe˘cćmâčű˛XjŤ
zmšnjäJccc@mâPjVeqˇbŻmäj çXwLVĂĄjĘVeTXVOj{VeĄX˝˘bŻgäjXä^Ve÷´úşęjZRgôt žĄń\ON\O\ú äźäŁ |
Know ye, Our subjects:
Our Imperial Ancestors have founded Our Empire on a basis broad and everlasting and have deeply and firmly implanted virtue; Our subjects ever united in loyalty and filial piety have from generation to generation illustrated the beauty thereof. This is the glory of the fundamental character of Our Empire, and herein also lies the source of Our education. Ye, Our subjects, be filial to your parents, affectionate to your brothers and sisters; as husbands and wives be harmonious, as friends true; bear yourselves in modesty and moderation; extend your benevolence to all; pursue learning and cultivate arts, and thereby develop intellectual faculties and perfect moral powers; furthermore advance public good and promote common interests; always respect the Constitution and observe the laws; should emergency arise, offer yourselves courageously to the State; and thus guard and maintain the prosperity of Our Imperial Throne coeval with heaven and earth. So shall ye not only be Our good and faithful subjects, but render illustrious the best traditions of your forefathers. The Way here set forth is indeed the teaching bequeathed by Our Imperial Ancestors, to be observed alike by Their Descendants and the subjects, infallible for all ages and true in all places. It is Our wish to lay it to heart in all reverence, in common with you, Our subjects, that we may all thus attain to the same virtue. The 30th day of the 10th month of the 23rd year of Meiji. [30 October 30 1890] (Imperial Sign Manual. Imperial Seal.) [Imperial Name (brushed) / Imperial Seal (affixed)] |
1947 Fundamental Law of Education
When Hirohito's political authority collapsed in 1945, one of the first things targeted for overhaul by the Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers (SCAP) was national education. SCAP immediately banned the education rescript, and the Diet formally abolished it on 19 June 1948, over a year after the SCAP-inspired Fundamental Law of Education came into effect on 31 March 1947.
Some elements of the 1947 education law reflect the radical shift in status of people with Japanese nationality from "shumin" (subject) under the 1890 Constitution and the 1890 Imperial Rescript on Education -- to "kokumin" (national) under the 1947 Constitution. Other elements reflect the change in status of individuals and women under postwar family law, as embodied in the 1947 Constitution and in 1947 and later revisions of the Civil Code.
| 1947 Fundamental Law of Education | |
Japanese textThe Japanese text is a reformated version of a copy posted on the Ministry of Education website -- except that I have corrected §úÔ to §Úâ (Sumitsu Komon, Privy Council) in the front matter. English translationThe translation of the front matter, shown in purple, is mine. The translation of the main body of the law is a reformatted version of the text appearing in FY2005 White Paper on Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Chapter 1 (Promoting Educational Reform), Part 3 (How the Fundamental Law of Education Befitting to the New Times should be), on the MEXT website. I have checked the MEXT version against other sources, including UNESCO. One early (contemporary) source is General Headquarters, SCAP, CIE, Education in the New Japan, Volume 2, Tokyo, 1948, pages 109-111. |
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| łçî{@ | Old Fundamental Law of Education |
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şań\ńNOO\ęú @Ľćń\Ü şań\ńNOO\ęú {s |
Law No. 25, 31 March 1947
Enforced 31 March 1947 |
Date of enforcementThe 1947 Constitution, though promulgated 3 November 1946, did not come into effect until 3 May 1947 -- about a month later. Hence the 1890 Meiji Constitution was still in effect. The Diet was still the Imperial Diet. New laws, including the new Constitution, were still subject to sanctioniong and promulgation by the emperor. |
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| ˝ÍA§ÚâĚćmđoÄAécďĚŚ^đo˝łçî{@đŮÂľAąąÉąęđözšľßéB | I [the emperor] sanction the Fundamental Law of Education which, having passed the consulation of the Privy Council, has passed the approval of the Imperial Diet, and herein promulgate it. |
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íęçÍAłŤÉAú{@đmčľAŻĺIĹśťIČĆđÝľÄA˘EĚ˝aĆlŢĚÉvŁľć¤ĆˇéÓ𦵽BąĚzĚŔťÍAŞ{ɨ˘ÄłçĚÍÉÜÂ׍ŕĚĹ éB
íęçÍAÂl̸ľđdńśA^Ć˝ađóˇélÔĚçŹđúˇéĆĆŕÉAŐIɾľŠŕ佊ȜťĚn˘đß´ˇłçđyOęľČŻęÎČçȢB ąąÉAú{@̸_ÉĽčAłçĚÚI𞌾ÄAVľ˘ú{ĚłçĚî{đm§ˇé˝ßAąĚ@Ľđ§čˇéB |
Having established the Constitution of Japan, we have shown our resolution to contribute to the world and welfare of humanity by building a democratic and cultural state. The realization of this idea shall depend fundamentally on the power of education.
We shall esteem individual dignity and endeavor to bring up the people who love truth and peace, while education aimed at the creation of culture, general and rich in individuality, shall be spread far and wide. We hereby enact this Law, in accordance with the spirit of the Constitution of Japan, with a view to clarifying the aim of education and establishing the aim of education and establishing the foundation of education for new Japan. |
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ćęđ (łçĚÚI)
łçÍAliĚŽŹđß´ľA˝aIČĆyŃĐďĚ`ŹŇĆľÄA^Ćł`đ¤ľAÂlĚżlđ˝ÂĆŃAÎJĆÓCđdńśAŠĺI¸_É[ż˝SgĆŕÉNČŻĚçŹđúľÄsíęČŻęÎČçȢB |
Article 1 (Aim of Education)
Education shall aim at the full development of personality, striving for the rearing of the people, sound in mind and body, who shall love truth and justice, esteem individual value, respect labor and have a deep sense of responsibility, and be imbued with the independent spirit, as builders of peaceful state and society. |
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ćńđ (łçĚűj)
łçĚÚIÍA çäé@ďÉA çäéęɨ˘ÄŔťłęČŻęÎČçȢBąĚÚIđBŹˇé˝ßÉÍAwâĚŠRđ¸dľAŔۜɌľAŠI¸_đ{˘AŠźĚh¤ĆŚÍÉćÂÄAśťĚn˘ĆWÉvŁˇéć¤ÉwßČŻęÎČçȢB |
Article 2 (Educational Principle)
The aim of education shall realized on all occasions and in all places. In order to achieve the aim, we shall endeavor to contribute to the creation and development of culture by mutual esteem and cooperation, respecting academic freedom, having a regard to actual life and cultivating a spontaneous spirit. |
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ćOđ (łçĚ@ďĎ)
ˇ×ÄŻÍAĐĆľAťĚ\ÍɸéłçđóŻé@ďđ^ŚçęČŻęÎČçȢŕĚĹ ÂÄAlíAMđAŤĘAĐďIgŞAoĎInĘÍĺnÉćÂÄAłçăˇĘłęȢB (2) yŃnűö¤cĚÍA\ÍŞ éÉ੩íç¸AoĎIRÉćÂÄCw˘ďČŇÉÎľÄA§wĚű@đuśČŻęÎČçȢB |
Article 3 (Equal Opportunity of Education)
The people shall all be given equal opportunities of receiving education according to their ability, and they shall not be subject to educational discrimination on account of race, creed, sex, social status, economic position, or family origin. 2. The state and local public corporations shall take measures to give financial assistance to those who have, in spite of their ability, difficulty in receiving education for economic reasons. |
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ćlđ (`ąłç)
ŻÍAťĚŰěˇéqÉAăNĚĘłçđóŻłšé`ąđ¤B (2) Ínűö¤cĚĚÝuˇéwZɨŻé`ąłçÉ¢ÄÍAöĆČÍAąęđĽűľČ˘B |
Article 4 (Compulsory Education)
The people shall be obligated to have boys and girls under their protection receive nine years' general education. 2. No tuition fee shall be charged for general education in schools established by the state and local bodies. |
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ćÜđ (j¤w)
jÍAÝÉh¤ľAŚÍľíČŻęÎČçȢŕĚĹ ÂÄAłçăj̤wÍAFßçęČŻęÎČçȢB |
Article 5 (Coeducation)
Men and women shall esteem and cooperate with each other. Coeducation, therefore, shall be recognized in education. |
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ćZđ (wZłç)
@ĽÉčßéwZÍAöĚŤżđŕÂŕĚĹ ÂÄAÍnűö¤cĚĚOA@ĽÉčßé@lĚÝŞAąęđÝuˇéąĆŞĹŤéB (2) @ĽÉčßéwZĚłőÍASĚĚňdŇĹ ÂÄAŠČĚg˝đŠoľAťĚEÓĚsÉwßČŻęÎČçȢBąĚ˝ßÉÍAłőĚgŞÍA¸dłęAťĚŇĘĚĘłŞAúšçęČŻęÎČçȢB |
Article 6 (School education)
The schools prescribed by law shall be of public nature and, besides the state and local bodies, only the juridical persons prescribed by shall be entitled to establish such schools. 2. Teachers of the schools prescribed by law shall be servants of the whole community. They shall be conscious of their mission and endeavor to discharge their duties. For this purpose, the status of teachers shall be respected and their fair and appropriate treatment shall be secured. |
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ćľđ (Đďłç)
ĆëłçyŃÎJĚęťĚźĐďɨ˘ÄsíęéłçÍAyŃnűö¤cĚÉćÂħăłęČŻęÎČçȢB (2) yŃnűö¤cĚÍA}ŮA¨ŮAöŻŮĚ{ÝĚÝuAwZĚ{ÝĚpťĚźKČű@ÉćÂÄłçĚÚIĚŔťÉwßČŻęÎČçȢB |
Article 7 (Social Education)
The state and local bodies shall encourage home education and education carried out in places of work or elsewhere in society. 2. The state and local bodies shall endeavor to attain the aim of education by the establishment of such institutions and as libraries, museums, citizens' public halls, et cetera, by the utilization of school institutions, and by other appropriate methods. |
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ćŞô (Ąłç)
ÇŻ éöŻ˝éÉKvČĄIł{ÍAłçăąęđ¸dľČŻęÎČçȢB (2) @ĽÉčßéwZÍAÁčĚ}đxľAÍąęɽΡé˝ßĚĄłçťĚźĄIŽđľÄÍČçȢB |
Article 8 (Political Education)
The political knowledge necessary for intelligent citizenship shall be valued in education. 2. The schools prescribed by law shall refrain from political education or other political activities for against any political party. |
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ćăđ (@łłç)
@łÉÖˇé°eĚÔxyŃ@łĚĐďśÉ¨ŻénĘÍAłçăąęđ¸dľČŻęÎČçȢB (2) yŃnűö¤cĚŞÝuˇéwZÍAÁčĚ@łĚ˝ßĚ@łłçťĚźA@łIŽđľÄÍČçȢB |
Article 9 (Religious Education)
The attitude of religious tolerance and the position of religion in the social life shall be valued in education. 2. The schools established by the state and local public bodies shall refrain from religious education or the activities for specified religion. |
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ć\đ (łçs)
łçÍAsČxzɡéąĆČAŻSĚÉÎľźÚÉÓCđÂÄsíęé׍ŕĚĹ éB (2) łçsÍAąĚŠoĚŕĆÉAłçĚÚIđsˇéÉKvČđĚŽőm§đÚWĆľÄsíęČŻęÎČçȢB |
Article 10 (School Administration)
Education shall not be subject to improper control, but shall be directly responsible to the whole people. 2. School administration shall, on the basics of this realization, aim at the adjustment and establishment of the various conditions required for the pursuit of the aim of education. |
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ć\ęđ (âĽ)
ąĚ@ĽÉf°éđđŔ{ˇé˝ßÉKvŞ éęÉÍAKČ@ߪ§čłęČŻęÎČçȢB |
Article 11 (Additional Rule)
In case of necessity appropriate laws shall be enacted to carry the foregoing stipulations into effect. |
| Ľ | Supplementary Provision |
| ąĚ@ĽÍAözĚúŠçAąęđ{sˇéB | This present law shall come into force as from the date of its promulgation. |
2006 Fundamental Law of Education
The 1947 education law had been a bone of contention among the more conservative representatives of Japan's postwar government since SCAP had it introduced as a bill into the Imperial Diet. During the 1980s and 1990s, corresponding with the incumbency and influence of Nakasone Yasuhiro, old and new conservatives stepped up their blame of a number of social problems on the Americanization of postwar education, contending that emphasis on nuclear families and individuals had undermined the integrity of the extended family and larger community and otherwise weakened Japan socially.
A bill to revise the SCAP-inspired 1947 law was pushed through the Diet in 2006 after Abe Shinzo became prime minister and appointed Ibuki Bunmei as education minister. A bill was passed into law on 15 December that year, and the new law came into effect on 22 December.
Legal concern about new law
The new education law does not, on the surface, seem to threaten or otherwise undermine the principles of the old law. It retains most of the phrasing of the old law while adding and clarifying goals intended to help restore the nation's spiritual and social health -- and foster some degree of localization.
Some legalists fear the 2006 law gives education bureaucrats more authority to arbitrarily enforce whatever curriculum or practices they consider appropriate. Attention is drawn to differences in Article 10 in the 1947 law and the equivalent Article 16 in the 2006 law.
Article 16 begins, verbatim, with the phrasing of Articles 10, which stipulates that "Education shall not be subject to improper control." Whereas the 1947 law then provides that "[education] shall be directly responsible to the whole people" (standard translation), the 2006 law then provides that "[education] shall be conducted in accordance with this and other laws, and education administration must be carried out impartially and reasonably under appropriate division of roles and mutual cooperation between the state [country] and local public bodies" (my translation).
The will of the people
So the new education law continues to tether schools to the rule of law as distinct from administrative guidance. On top of this, it also now permits more localization of education administration.
The real problem with the new law is less its content and more the will of the people. The question only time will answer is whether Japan's sovereign nationals, and their elected representatives, will support education bureaucrats, nationally and locally, who may now attempt to promote blind patriotism, suppression of free thought, and oppression of religions and ethnic minorities in schools.
| 2006 Fundamental Law of Education | |
Japanese textThe Japanese text is a reformated version of a copy posted on the Ministry of Education website. Articles carried over from the 1947 are shown in blue. Changes in carried-over articles are shown in red. English translationTranslations of selected articles, whether new or carried-over, are mine (William Wetherall). |
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| łçî{@ | Fundamental Law of Education |
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˝Ź\ŞN\ń\Üú ćSZ\ÜńŐďɨ˘ÄŹ§ @ĽćSń\0 ˝Ź\ŞN\ńń\ńú öz ˝Ź\ŞN\ńń\ńú {s şań\ńN@Ľćń\Üi@jĚSđüłľ˝B |
Approved in 165th Extraordinary Session of the Diet 15 December 2006 Law No. 120 Promulgated 22 December 2006 Enforced from 22 December 2006 Entirely revises Law No. 25 of 1947 (Old Law) |
| Oś | Preface |
| äXú{ŻÍA˝äÜĘwÍÉćÁÄz˘ÄŤ˝ŻĺIĹśťIČĆđXÉWłšéĆĆŕÉA˘EĚ˝aĆlŢĚĚüăÉvŁˇéąĆđč¤ŕĚĹ éBäXÍAąĚzđŔťˇé˝ßAÂl̸ľđdńśA^Ćł`đóľAö¤Ě¸_đ¸ŃALŠČlÔŤĆn˘ŤđőŚ˝lÔĚçŹđúˇéĆĆŕÉA`đpłľAVľ˘śťĚn˘đÚwˇłçđiˇéBąąÉAäXÍAú{@̸_ÉĚÁĆčAäŞĚ˘đŘčńłçĚî{đm§ľAťĚUťđ}é˝ßAąĚ@Ľđ§čˇéB |
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ćęÍ łçĚÚIyŃO |
Chapter 1 Aims and ideals of education |
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ćęđ (łçĚÚI)
łçÍAliĚŽŹđÚwľA˝aĹŻĺIČĆyŃĐďĚ`ŹŇĆľÄKvČżđőŚ˝SgĆŕÉNČŻĚçŹđúľÄsíęČŻęÎČçȢB |
Article 1 Aim of education
Education must aim at finishing character, and must be carried out with the resolve of nurturing nationals sound in both mind and body, equipped with qualities essential as makers of a peaceful and democratic state and society. (WW) |
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ćjđ (łçĚÚW)
łçÍAťĚÚIđŔťˇé˝ßAwâĚŠRđ¸dľÂÂAÉf°éÚWđBŹˇéć¤síęéŕĚơéB P@L˘mŻĆł{đgÉtŻA^đßéÔxđ{˘ALŠČîĆšżSđ|¤ĆĆŕÉAâŠČgĚđ{¤ąĆB Q@ÂlĚżlđ¸dľÄAťĚ\ÍđLÎľAn˘Ťđ|˘AŠĺyŃŠĽĚ¸_đ{¤ĆĆŕÉAEĆyŃśĆĚÖAđdľAÎJđdń¸éÔxđ{¤ąĆB R@ł`ĆÓCAjĚ˝AŠźĚh¤ĆŚÍđdń¸éĆĆŕÉAö¤Ě¸_ÉîĂŤAĺĚIÉĐďĚ`ŹÉQćľAťĚWÉń^ˇéÔxđ{¤ąĆB S@ś˝đ¸ŃAŠRđĺŘÉľAÂŤĚŰSÉń^ˇéÔxđ{¤ąĆB T@`Ćśťđ¸dľAťęçđÍŽńĹŤ˝äŞĆ˝yđ¤ˇéĆĆŕÉAźđ¸dľAŰĐďĚ˝aĆWÉń^ˇéÔxđ{¤ąĆB |
Article 2 Goals of education
5. Cultivation of an attitude that would respect other countries, and contribute to the development of peace in international society, while loving our country and provinces, which have come to respect tradition and culture, and fosters them. (WW) |
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ćOđ (śUwKĚO)
ŻęlęlŞAŠČĚliđŤALŠČlśđéąĆŞĹŤéć¤AťĚśUÉí˝ÁÄA çäé@ďÉA çäéęɨ˘ÄwKˇéąĆŞĹŤAťĚŹĘđKŘÉśŠˇąĆĚĹŤéĐďĚŔťŞ}çęČŻęÎČçȢB |
Article 3
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ćlđ (łçĚ@ďĎ)
ˇ×ÄŻÍAĐĆľAťĚ\ÍÉś˝łçđóŻé@ďđ^ŚçęČŻęÎČç¸AlíAMđAŤĘAĐďIgŞAoĎInĘÍĺnÉćÁÄAłçăˇĘłęȢB Q@yŃnűö¤cĚÍAáQĚ éŇŞAťĚáQĚóÔÉśA\ŞČłçđóŻçęéć¤AłçăKvČxđuśČŻęÎČçȢB R@yŃnűö¤cĚÍA\ÍŞ éÉ੩íç¸AoĎIRÉćÁÄCwŞ˘ďČŇÉÎľÄA§wĚ[uđuśČŻęÎČçȢB |
Article 4 Equal opportunity of education
All nationals, equally, must be given opportunities to receive an education that accords with their ability, and they shall not be discriminated educationally on account of race, creed, sex, social status, economic position, or family origin. (WW) |
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ćńÍ łçĚŔ{ÉÖˇéî{ |
Chapter 2 |
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ćÜđ (`ąłç)
ŻÍAťĚŰěˇéqÉAĘÉ@ĽĹčßéĆąëÉćčAĘłçđóŻłšé`ąđ¤B Q@`ąłçĆľÄsíęéĘłçÍAeÂlĚLˇé\ÍđLÎľÂÂĐďɨ˘ÄŠ§IÉśŤéîbđ|˘AÜ˝AĆyŃĐďĚ`ŹŇĆľÄKvĆłęéî{IČżđ{¤ąĆđÚIĆľÄsíęéŕĚơéB R@yŃnűö¤cĚÍA`ąłçĚ@ďđŰáľAťĚ đmۡé˝ßAKŘČđŞSyŃÝĚŚÍĚşAťĚŔ{ÉÓCđ¤B S@Ínűö¤cĚĚÝuˇéwZɨŻé`ąłçÉ¢ÄÍAöĆżđĽűľČ˘B |
Article 5
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ćZđ (wZłç)
@ĽÉčßéwZÍAöĚŤżđLˇéŕĚĹ ÁÄAAnűö¤cĚyŃ@ĽÉčßé@lĚÝŞAąęđÝuˇéąĆŞĹŤéB Q@OĚwZɨ˘ÄÍAłçĚÚWŞBŹłęéć¤AłçđóŻéŇĚSgĚBÉśÄAĚnIČłçŞgDIÉsíęČŻęÎČçȢBąĚęɨ˘ÄAłçđóŻéŇŞAwZśđcŢăĹKvČKĽđdń¸éĆĆŕÉAŠçińĹwKÉćčgŢÓ~đßéąĆđdľÄsíęČŻęÎČçȢB |
Article 6
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ćľđ (ĺw)
ĺwÍAwpĚSĆľÄA˘ł{ĆęĺI\Íđ|¤ĆĆŕÉA[^đTľÄV˝ČmŠđn˘ľAąęçĚŹĘđLĐďÉńˇéąĆÉćčAĐďĚWÉń^ˇéŕĚơéB Q@ĺwÉ¢ÄÍAŠĺŤAŠĽŤťĚźĚĺwɨŻéłçyѤĚÁŤŞ¸dłęČŻęÎČçȢB |
Article 7
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ćŞđ (§wZ)
§wZĚLˇéöĚŤżyŃwZłçɨ˘ÄĘ˝ˇdvČđÉŠńŞÝAyŃnűö¤cĚÍAťĚŠĺŤđ¸dľÂÂAŹťĚźĚKČű@ÉćÁħwZłçĚUťÉwßČŻęÎČçȢB |
Article 8
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ćăđ (łő)
@ĽÉčßéwZĚłőÍAŠČĚČg˝đ[ŠoľA⌸¤ĆC{ÉăÝAťĚEÓĚsÉwßČŻęÎČçȢB Q@OĚłőÉ¢ÄÍAťĚg˝ĆEÓĚdvŤÉŠńŞÝAťĚgŞÍ¸dłęAŇöĚKłŞúšçęéĆĆŕÉA{ŹĆ¤CĚ[ŔŞ}çęČŻęÎČçȢB |
Article 9
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ć\đ (Ćëłç)
ęťĚźĚŰěŇÍAqĚłçÉ¢Äćę`IÓCđLˇéŕĚĹ ÁÄAśĚ˝ßÉKvČKľđgÉtŻłšéĆĆŕÉAŠ§Sđ現ASg̲aĚĆę˝Bđ}éć¤wßéŕĚơéB Q@yŃnűö¤cĚÍAĆëłçĚŠĺŤđ¸dľÂÂAŰěŇÉΡéwKĚ@ďyŃîńĚńťĚźĚĆëłçđxˇé˝ßÉKvČ{ôđu¸éć¤wßČŻęÎČçȢB |
Article 10
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ć\ęđ (cúĚłç)
cúĚłçÍAśUÉí˝éli`ŹĚîbđ|¤dvČŕĚĹ éąĆÉŠńŞÝAyŃnűö¤cĚÍAcĚâŠČŹˇÉˇéÇDČÂŤĚŽőťĚźKČű@ÉćÁÄAťĚUťÉwßČŻęÎČçȢB |
Article 11
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ć\jđ (Đďłç)
ÂlĚv]âĐďĚvżÉą˝ŚAĐďɨ˘ÄsíęéłçÍAyŃnűö¤cĚÉćÁħăłęČŻęÎČçȢB Q@yŃnűö¤cĚÍA}ŮA¨ŮAöŻŮťĚźĚĐďłç{ÝĚÝuAwZĚ{ÝĚpAwKĚ@ďyŃîńĚńťĚźĚKČű@ÉćÁÄĐďłçĚUťÉwßČŻęÎČçȢB |
Article 12
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ć\Ođ (wZAĆëyŃnćZŻĚÝĚAgŚÍ)
wZAĆëyŃnćZŻťĚźĚÖWŇÍAłçɨŻéťęźęĚđĆÓCđŠoˇéĆĆŕÉAÝĚAgyŃŚÍÉwßéŕĚơéB |
Article 13
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ć\lđ (Ąłç)
ÇŻ éöŻĆľÄKvČĄIł{ÍAłçă¸dłęČŻęÎČçȢB Q@@ĽÉčßéwZÍAÁčĚ}đxľAÍąęɽΡé˝ßĚĄłçťĚźĄIŽđľÄÍČçȢB |
Article 14
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ć\Üđ (@łłçj @łÉÖˇé°eĚÔxA@łÉÖˇéęĘIČł{yŃ@łĚĐďśÉ¨ŻénĘÍAłçă¸dłęČŻęÎČçȢB Q@yŃnűö¤cĚŞÝuˇéwZÍAÁčĚ@łĚ˝ßĚ@łłçťĚź@łIŽđľÄÍČçȢB |
Article 15
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| ćOÍ łçs | Chapter 3 Education administration |
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ć\Zđ (łçs)
łçÍAsČxzɡéąĆČAąĚ@ĽyŃźĚ@ĽĚčßéĆąëÉćčsíęé׍ŕĚĹ čAłçsÍAĆnűö¤cĚĆĚKŘČđŞSyŃÝĚŚÍĚşAöłŠÂKłÉsíęČŻęÎČçȢB Q@ÍASIČłçĚ@ďĎĆłç ĚŰüăđ}é˝ßAłçÉÖˇé{ôđIÉôčľAŔ{ľČŻęÎČçȢB R@nűö¤cĚÍAťĚnćɨŻéłçĚUťđ}é˝ßAťĚŔîÉś˝łçÉÖˇé{ôđôčľAŔ{ľČŻęÎČçȢB S@yŃnűö¤cĚÍAłçŞ~ŠÂpąIÉŔ{łęéć¤AKvČŕăĚ[uđuśČŻęÎČçȢB |
Article 16 (Education administration)
Education shall not be subject to improper control, but shall be conducted in accordance with this and other laws, and education administration must be carried out impartially and reasonably under appropriate division of roles and mutual cooperation between the state [country] and local public bodies. (WW) |
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ć\ľđ (łçUťî{vć)
{ÍAłçĚUťÉÖˇé{ôĚIŠÂvćIČiđ}é˝ßAłçĚUťÉÖˇé{ôÉ¢ÄĚî{IČűjyŃu¸×Ť{ôťĚźKvČÉ¢ÄAî{IČvćđčßAąęđďÉńˇéĆĆŕÉAö\ľČŻęÎČçȢB Q@nűö¤cĚÍAOĚvćđQŢľAťĚnćĚŔîÉśAYnűö¤cĚɨŻéłçĚUťĚ˝ßĚ{ôÉÖˇéî{IČvćđčßéć¤wßČŻęÎČçȢB |
Article 17
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| ćlÍ @ß̧č | Chapter 4 |
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ć\Şđ ąĚ@ĽÉKčˇéđđŔ{ˇé˝ßAKvČ@ߪ§čłęČŻęÎČçȢB |
Article 18
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